How to become a software engineer

Software engineers design, develop, test, and maintain software systems and applications. From coding and testing to ongoing maintenance, they work across the entire software development lifecycle. 

While programmers typically focus on writing code for specific features, software engineers often work more broadly on a system’s design and architecture. This might involve developing desktop applications, mobile apps, or enterprise software.

There are various pathways into software engineering. Employers typically look for candidates with strong problem-solving abilities and practical programming skills, and qualifications and certifications may help boost your employability. 

Degrees and certifications 

There are various undergraduate and postgraduate degrees that can help you gain the skills to succeed in software engineering, including: 

• Software Engineering degrees are specifically designed for this career, focusing on software design and architecture.
• Computer Science degrees cover programming languages (such as Python and Java), algorithms, data structures, and software development methodologies.
• Information Technology degrees offer practical programming modules and knowledge of business applications.
• Mathematics and Engineering degrees can provide transferable skills, such as analytics and problem-solving, but they typically don’t cover software development.
• Professional certificates, such as AWS Certified Developer, Microsoft Certified: Azure Developer Associate, or Oracle Certified Professional Java Programmer, are typically not required for entry-level roles, but can demonstrate understanding of specific programs and technical skills. 

Alternative routes 

Alternative pathways are available if formal degrees and certifications aren’t for you. 

For instance, coding bootcamps can offer intensive training in programming languages and other required skills. They often involve practical projects that can support your portfolio. 

Independent learning can provide more flexibility if you have other commitments. Platforms like Coursera, edX, and Udemy offer software engineering courses, while many prefer to build personal projects using open-source software to demonstrate practical skills.

Software engineering requires both technical proficiency and interpersonal abilities. 

Knowledge and understanding of programming languages, software development frameworks, and database management are essential. Understanding software architecture and testing methodologies can also be crucial. 

While technical skills form the foundation of software engineering work, soft skills can be equally important for career success. Problem-solving abilities can help professionals tackle complex challenges, while communication skills allow teams to collaborate effectively. Time management and project planning can also help engineers meet tight deadlines while juggling multiple tasks. 

Programming languages and tools 

Software engineers use various programming languages and tools. While one organisation might prefer Python, another client might use Java. Here are some of the most popular programming languages and tools, and their most common use cases: 

• Python – web development, data analysis, AI, and automation.
• JavaScript – web development and interactive front-end applications.
• Java – enterprise applications, Android mobile application development, and large-scale systems.
• C++ – system programming and game development.
• C# – Windows applications, web development, and game development.
• HTML/CSS – web development, aiding structure and styling for web pages and applications.
• SQL – database management and data manipulation across various software applications.
• Swift – iOS and macOS application development.

Many employers look for candidates with relevant practical experience, and there are various ways to showcase your expertise, including: 

• Personal projects. Building applications, websites, or tools can demonstrate your ability to apply your skills. These can range from simple websites and mobile apps to more complex e-commerce platforms or data visualisation tools. Since this is typically unpaid work, many software engineers choose passion projects to stay motivated. You might build a website compiling data about your favourite sports team, or create a mobile app inspired by your favourite fantasy game – the choice is yours.
• Contributing to open-source projects. Platforms like GitHub host projects with various contributors, enabling aspiring engineers to collaborate with experienced developers and gain experience with different programming languages and development practices. Others participate in hackathons, creating tutorial content or writing technical blogs, all of which can help to demonstrate expertise.

Software engineer salaries can vary significantly between specialisms and industries. At the end of 2025, Prospects (external link)states that entry-level salaries may start at £28,000 per year, while senior or management-level professionals could expect up to £70,000 per year. 

Software engineers can use their skills in various business structures and industries, from finance startups to multinational non-profit organisations. With experience, many software engineers advance to senior developer or lead engineer roles, while others transition into management positions. Some choose to use their knowledge for teaching, technical consulting, or starting their own technology companies.

Software engineering can offer diverse career opportunities across industries, with the flexibility to specialise in areas that suit your interests. If you enjoy learning new technologies and tackling complex problems, software engineering may provide a rewarding career for you. 

For businesses building software or working with developers, understanding the risks associated with technology is as essential as understanding the opportunities. From managing vulnerabilities in open-source software to protecting intellectual property and client data, having the proper safeguards in place can help you innovate with confidence.